While some Hmong people returned to Laos voluntarily, with development assistance from UNHCR, allegations of forced repatriation surfaced. [185], This article is about the country in Southeast Asia. )spirits: 4.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. [175] Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture. [110][111], Human rights advocates including Vang Pobzeb, Kerry and Kay Danes, and others have also raised concerns about human rights violations, torture, the arrest and detention of political prisoners as well as the detention of foreign prisoners in Laos including at the infamous Phonthong Prison in Vientiane. [114][115][116], The Lao economy depends on investment and trade with its neighbours, Thailand, Vietnam, and, especially in the north, China. ), forest revenues: 1.48% of GDP (2018 est. [47][52] Laos was requested in 1979 by Vietnam to end relations with the People's Republic of China, leading to isolation in trade by China, the United States, and other countries. The government appears committed to raising the country's profile among foreign investors and has developed special economic zones replete with generous tax incentives, but a limited labor pool, a small domestic market, and corruption remain impediments to investment. Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003. [66][67] The incumbent head of government is Prime Minister Sonexay Siphandone. WebKingdom of Laos: The Land of the Million Elephants and of the White Parasol Paperback January 1, 1959 by Rene De Berval (Author) See all formats and editions )percent of population: 34% (2020 est. [15][16] Laos has been referred to as one of Southeast Asia and Pacific's fastest growing economies by the World Bank with annual GDP growth averaging 7.4% since 2009. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. Quc gia: Nht Bn. More than 540 mineral deposits of gold, copper, zinc, lead and other minerals have been identified, explored and mined. Pakxe has also experienced growth based on cross-border trade with Thailand and Vietnam. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. It is produced by the Lao Brewery Company. and Yurnaidi, Z., 2020. WebThe French protectorate of Laos (French: Protectorat franais du Laos) was a French protectorate in Southeast Asia of what is today Laos between 1893 and 1953with a brief interregnum as a Japanese puppet state in 1945which constituted part of French Indochina.It was established over the Siamese vassal, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the domination of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century, when it became part of French Indochina. eBay Money Back Guarantee. It is evident throughout the country, expressed in language, temples and the arts and literature. [183] Since the start of the league, Lao Army F.C. WebKingdom of Laos Stamps Album Exhibition In the Exhibits section, E. Moallem exhibits his Kingdom of Laos stamps album. It is one of the last five communist countryballs Navigate Main page Recent changes Random page Administrators' noticeboard Explore Countryballs Historical Countryballs Userbox icons Community Wiki Discussions Discord [100], Ostensibly, the Constitution of Laos that was promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2003 contains most key safeguards for human rights. )$1.111 billion (31 December 2019 est. ), Thailand 53%, China 26%, Vietnam 10% (2019), refined petroleum, cars, cattle, iron structures, steel products (2019), $1.476 billion (31 December 2021 est. ), $14.9 billion (31 December 2017 est. Some Vietnamese, Laotian Chinese[148] and Thai minorities remain, particularly in the towns, but many left after independence in the late 1940s, many of whom relocated either to Vietnam, Hong Kong, or to France. A post-independence civil war began, which saw the communist resistance, supported by the Soviet Union, fight against the monarchy that later came under influence of military regimes supported by the United States. [68] Laos also maintained a "special relationship" with Vietnam and formalised a 1977 treaty of friendship and cooperation that created tensions with China. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the illegal drug trade and were of non-Lao origin. WebThe Lao people, the predominant ethnic group in present-day Laos, are a branch of the Tai peoples who by the 8th century ce had established a powerful kingdom, Nanzhao, in ), total dependency ratio: 54.7youth dependency ratio: 48elderly dependency ratio: 6.7potential support ratio: 14.8 (2021 est. )other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. They were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. [39] Laos never held any importance for France[40] other than as a buffer state between Thailand and the more economically important Annam and Tonkin. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of coal, gold, bauxite, tin, copper, and other valuable metals. There are some public holidays, festivities and ceremonies in Laos. [53] In 1979, there were 50,000 PAVN troops stationed in Laos and as many as 6,000 civilian Vietnamese officials including 1,000 directly attached to the ministries in Vientiane. As of 2011[update], Nhn Dn ('The People') and the Xinhua News Agency are the only foreign media organisations permitted to open offices in Laosboth opened bureaus in Vientiane in 2011. A former country in Southeast Asia (official name). However, villages far from major roads can be reached only through unpaved roads that may not be accessible year-round. [141] Access rose rapidly from 10 percent in 1995 to 38 percent in 2008. [75], Some Hmong groups fought as CIA-backed units on the royalist side in the Laotian Civil War. [72], On 17 May 2014, Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Douangchay Phichit was killed in a plane crash, along with other top ranking officials. [58] Laos had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.59/10, ranking it 98th globally out of 172 countries. [76], In 1989, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), with the support of the US government, instituted the Comprehensive Plan of Action, a programme to stem the tide of Indochinese refugees from Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. [130] According to the Global Hunger Index (2018), Laos ranks as the 36th hungriest nation in the world out of the list of the 52 nations with the worst hunger situation(s). However, only slightly more than half of the population speaks Lao natively. In 1960, amidst a series of rebellions in the Kingdom of Laos, fighting broke out between the Royal Lao Army (RLA) and the communist North Vietnamese and Soviet Union-backed Pathet Lao guerillas. [46], Male life expectancy at birth was at 62.6 years and female life expectancy was at 66.7 years in 2017. WebThe Kingdom of Laos. )1.03% (2020 est. ), 40.726 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. ), -1.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est. ), urban population: 38.2% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 2.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. According to independent non-profit/non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International,[104] Human Rights Watch,[105] and Civil Rights Defenders,[106] along with the US State Department,[107] serious human rights violations such as arbitrary detentions, disappearances, free speech restrictions, prison abuses and other violations are an ongoing problem. )imports: 1.345 billion kWh (2019 est. A second Provisional Government of National Unity formed by Prince Souvanna Phouma in 1962 was unsuccessful, and the situation steadily deteriorated into large scale civil war between the Royal Laotian government and the Pathet Lao. [17][18], The word Laos was coined by the French, who united the three Lao kingdoms in French Indochina in 1893 and named the country as the plural of the dominant and most common ethnic group, the Lao people. [139]:19, The martial art of muay Lao, the national sport,[180] is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's muay Thai, Burmese Lethwei and Cambodian Pradal Serey. The proto-historic period is characterised by contact with Chinese and Indian civilisations. [81] Debate on the issue escalated quickly. In 2016, China was the biggest foreign investor in Laos's economy, having invested in US$5.395billion since 1989, according to Laos Ministry of Planning and Investment's 19892014 report. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est. WebThe country was governed as a constitutional monarchy that ruled Laos beginning with its independence on 9 November 1953. An ancient human skull was recovered in 2009 from the Tam Pa Ling Cave in the Annamite Mountains in northern Laos; the skull is at least 46,000 years old, making it the oldest modern human fossil found to date in Southeast Asia. French is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of La Francophonie. WebSearch from Kingdom Of Laos stock photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock. [78] Of those Hmong who did return to Laos, some quickly escaped back to Thailand, describing discrimination and brutal treatment at the hands of Lao authorities. ), total: 37.78 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 41.76 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 33.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est. [47][51] The royalists set up a government in exile in the United States. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [13] Because of its central geographical location in Southeast Asia, the kingdom became a hub for overland trade and became wealthy economically and culturally. The exhibition depicts a complete collection of the stamps and souvenir sheets issued by the Kingdom of Laos from 1951 to 1975 with thematic descriptions emphasize on Lao culture, tradition and history. [14] It is a one-party socialist republic, espousing MarxismLeninism and governed by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, under which non-governmental organisations have routinely characterised the country's human rights record as poor, citing repeated abuses such as torture, restrictions on civil liberties and persecution of minorities. )industry: 33.2% (2017 est. [47] Between 1964 and 1973, the US dropped two million tons of bombs on Laos, nearly equal to the 2.1million tons of bombs the US dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history relative to the size of its population; The New York Times notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos". Laos held the chairmanship of ASEAN in 2016. Since the founding of the Lao PDR in 1975, very few films have been made in Laos. [143], The term "Laotian" does not necessarily refer to the Lao language, ethnic Lao people, language or customs. With the end of isolationism in the early 1990s however, the French language rebounded, thanks to the establishment of French, Swiss and Canadian relations and opening of French-language centers in central Laos. [46], The official and majority language is Lao, a language of the Tai-Kadai language family. note: data are in current year dollars$6.461 billion (2020 est.) The Lao National Tourism Administration, related government agencies and the private sector are working together to realise the vision put forth in the country's National Ecotourism Strategy and Action Plan. Fa Ngum, with 10,000 Khmer troops, conquered many Lao principalities in the Mekong river basin, culminating in the capture of Vientiane. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No 7. [126] In addition, the country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. ", Barclay, Adam and Shrestha, Samjhana (AprilJune 2006). The Pathet Lao began a war against the French colonial forces with the aid of the Vietnamese independence organisation, the Viet Minh. Click to enlarge. )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. ), 185 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. [141] Laos's predominantly rural[142] population makes investing in sanitation difficult. Additionally, many elite and French-educated Lao immigrated to nations such as the United States and France to escape government persecution. In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to Lao People's Democratic Republic", Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia, "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into three principalities. Laos was then dependent on military and economic aid from the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. Get the item you ordered or get your money back. [181], Association football is the most popular sport in Laos. [135] The European Council on Trade and Tourism awarded the country the "World Best Tourist Destination" designation for 2013 for architecture and history.[136]. [154] Healthy life expectancy was 54 years in 2007. [citation needed], On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under Kaysone Phomvihane renamed the country as the Lao People's Democratic Republic and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. )from petroleum and other liquids: 2.855 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. [179] Only 3.5% of women and 2.1% of men between the ages of 1549 were in a polygamous union as of 2017. Collectively, they are known as Lao Soung or highland Laotians. has been the most successful club with 8 titles, the highest number of championship wins. (approximately $110 million)0.2% of GDP (2017 est.) [147] Ten percent belong to other "lowland" groups, which together with the Lao people make up the Lao Loum (lowland people). [24], An ancient human skull was recovered in 2009 from the Tam Pa Ling Cave in the Annamite Mountains in northern Laos; the skull is at least 46,000 years old, making it the oldest modern human fossil found to date in Southeast Asia. [28], Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang ('million elephants'), which was founded in the 13th century by a Lao prince, Fa Ngum,[29]:223 whose father had his family exiled from the Khmer Empire. On December 15, 1946, in the face of guerrilla raids from across the Mekong, forty-four delegates to the Kingdom of Laos's first popularly elected WebKingdom of Laos - Etsy Check out our kingdom of laos selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. )hydroelectricity: 64.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [112] Laos is an origin country for sexually trafficked persons. ), Thailand 36%, China 28%, Vietnam 16% (2019), electricity, copper, rubber, gold, flavored water (2019), $6.527 billion (2021 est.) Buddhist 64.7%, Christian 1.7%, none 31.4%, other/not stated 2.1% (2015 est. According to the USCommittee for Refugees, he was arrested by Lao security forces and was never seen again. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. Lan Xang became an important trade centre during Samsenthai's reign, but after his death in 1421 it collapsed into warring factions for nearly a century. )$56.543 billion (2019 est. They were to have been released by October 2009, but their whereabouts remain unknown. It has failed to qualify for the FIFA World Cup or the AFC Asian Cup, but has participated in minor competitions like the AFC Solidarity Cup and the AFF Championship. )-$1.32 billion (2019 est. )services: 45.9% (2017 est. After the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the communist Pathet Lao came to power, ending the civil war. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. [44] On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with Luang Prabang as its capital, but on 7 April 1945 two battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city. ), total: 31.8% (2020 est. [70] Laos was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in July 1997 and acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2016. [80] Following the Vue Mai incident, debate over the Hmong's planned repatriation to Laos intensified greatly, especially in the United States, where it drew strong opposition from many American conservatives and some human rights advocates. Usually called Laos . In 1996 as the deadline for the closure of Thai refugee camps approached, and under mounting political pressure, the United States agreed to resettle Hmong refugees who passed a new screening process. )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 35,190 tons (2015 est. [59], In 1993 the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for habitat conservation preservation. WebKingdom of Laos Kingdom of Laos (English) Proper noun Kingdom of Laos. [36], A Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been "transformed into slave-hunting raids on a large scale".[37]. [12] Its capital and largest city is Vientiane. In 2017, the country sent a team for the first time to the team events at the Southeast Asian Games. Under the plan, refugee status was evaluated through a screening process. Local tradition holds that there are three seasons (rainy, cool and hot) as the latter two months of the climatologically defined dry season are noticeably hotter than the earlier four months. [34], Chao Anouvong was installed as a vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese. Karen J, "House Panel Hears Concerns About Hmong", States News Service, 26 April 1994. [155], The adult literacy rate for women in 2017 was 62.9%; for adult men, 78.1%. The king then secretly sent Prince Kindavong to represent Laos to the Allied forces and Prince Sisavang as representative to the Japanese. 0-14 years: 31.25% (male 1,177,297/female 1,149,727)15-24 years: 20.6% (male 763,757/female 770,497)25-54 years: 38.29% (male 1,407,823/female 1,443,774)55-64 years: 5.73% (male 206,977/female 219,833)65 years and over: 4.13% (male 139,665/female 168,046) (2020 est. [76] As many as 200,000 Hmong went into exile in Thailand, with many ending up in the US. The constitution also contains provisions for gender equality, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of press and assembly. The Lao League is the top professional league for association football clubs in the country. Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. [124] Laos may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Sticky rice is a staple food and has cultural and religious significance to the Lao people. "[132], The country's most widely recognised product may well be Beerlao, which in 2017 was exported to more than 20 countries worldwide. o din: Sato Shinsuke. )5.46% (2019 est. )consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. [145] The Lao belong to the Tai linguistic group[146] who began migrating south from China in the first millennium CE. The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. Recognised asylum seekers were given resettlement opportunities, while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee of safety. [133], The tourism sector has grown rapidly, from 80,000 international visitors in 1990, to 1.876million in 2010,[134] when tourism had been expected to rise to US$1.5857billion by 2020. Subsistence agriculture still accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. [71] In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit. Have one to sell? $58.264 billion (2021 est. jw2019 French is also used in public works in central and southern Laos and Luang Prabang and is a language of diplomacy and of the elite classes, higher professions and elders. Laos is in the process of implementing a value-added tax system. It is a hand-woven silk skirt that can identify the woman who wears it in a variety of ways. Forced repatriation surfaced buddhist 64.7 %, Christian 1.7 %, Christian %... 1.7 %, Christian 1.7 %, Christian 1.7 %, other/not stated 2.1 % ( est... The adult literacy rate for women in 2017 was 62.9 % ; for adult men, 78.1 % escape persecution... Released by October 2009, but their whereabouts remain unknown the capture of Vientiane kWh 2019. A vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese period is characterised by contact with and. 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