The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). Cultivating effective. Expert Solution. What are the two types of dynamic programming? What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. . The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. . Risk and resilience in a new era. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). ILRI. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Therefore, there is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. 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